Cambridge International Examinations Cambridge
A calcium carbonate → calcium oxide carbon dioxide chloride 15 The reaction between magnesium and carbon dioxide is represented by the following equation 2Mg CO2 → 2MgO C 33 A farmer moves his cows into a concrete shelter for protection
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The blotchy look you get with calcium chloride is a result of uneven distribution of the chloride in the batch Calcium chloride even has a damaging effect on acid stains and dyes says Rick Smith president of Richard Smith Custom Concrete a Canoga Park Calif contractor
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The three forms of dium chloride are 1 Flake or Type I comes in 100 pound bags with a 77 to 80 calcium chloride content and water of crystallization 2 Pellet or Type 11 comes in 80 pound bags with a 94 to 97 dcium chloride content and less than 1 water of crystalli zation
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Without the calcium chloride the concrete can stay very wet and plastic for hours and hours delaying the finishing process If the calcium chloride is not mixed thoroughly in
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Calcium chloride is another popular option It is favored by many because of its attractive qualities These include It is effective at low temperatureseven below 40 degrees F It clears quickly It is fast acting Less corrosive than rock salt therefore not as seriously impacting the surface of concrete lawns and other flora
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Disadvantages It is expensive than Ordinary Portland Cement Extra Rapid Hardening Cement Manufacturing Intergrinding Calcium Chloride CaCl 2 with RHC Extra RHC can be obtained The percentage of Calcium Chloride during the manufacturing process should not exceed 3
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Introduction The growing concern about chloride induced corrosion of reinforcing bars embedded in portland cement concrete has led to the development of a number of chloride free admixtures Particular attention has been given to the formulation of chloride free set accelerating admixtures to replace the widely used calcium chloride accelerator
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Disadvantages Very corrosive damages concrete and plants needs heat sun etc to be activated leaves white stains Calcium chloride Advantages Effective down to 30°C quick acting less product required and less damaging for the environment than sodium chloride when applied as directed
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20 Calcium chloride is not safe for use with pre Proponents of calcium chloride admixtures gen s t r essed concrete and it has been prohibited for that e r ally agree that these admixtures should not be used purpose for some time in pre s t ressed concre t e T h e r e is some evidence how
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How calcium chloride melts ice and snow on concrete Calcium chloride is a hygroscopic compound which means it absorbs moisture When you apply calcium chloride to snow and ice it absorbs the moisture and starts to dissolve The dissolving process is an exothermic process that generates heat up to 60 degrees Celcius 140F
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Avoid using salts such as calcium magnesium or sodium chloride on newly placed concrete Use of clean sand should be done for traction whereas the use of ammonium sulfate or ammonium nitrate should be avoided as they are aggressive chemical which can destroy the concrete surface
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Examples of Accelerators in Concrete Calcium chloride is a common accelerator used to accelerate the time of set and the rate of strength gain It should meet the requirements of ASTM D 98 Excessive amounts of calcium chloride in concrete mix may result in rapid stiffening increase in drying shrinkage and corrosion of reinforcement
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Prohibiting use of calcium chloride accelerators is of special concern when project specifications for concrete require 20 to 50 of the portland cement to be replaced by fly ash Using up to 50 fly ash replacement in cold weather increases costs because strength gain is slower and the duration of protection which may include heating with fossil fuels must also increase
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Long term contact with calcium chloride can also lead to contact dermatitis according to the International Programme on Chemical Safety IPCS If inhaled calcium chloride can also cause irritation in the respiratory tract If you experience irritation of the skin eyes or respiratory tract seek fresh air and wash the affected area
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This slab cannot have construction joints only contraction joints every 12 feet or so and a fear that shrinkage cracking will be an issue with the calcium chloride The slab is reinforced with uncoated rebar #5
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Bacterial self healing concrete is an innovative technology allowing repairing open micro cracks in concrete by calcium carbonate CaCO3 precipitation This biotechnology improves the durability of the structure Abstract Nowadays alternative approaches in construction technology are evolving rapidly in a bid to crucial the environmental hazards and low sustainability imparted by the
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25 Apr 06 10 34 Being in commercial construction I don t allow calcium chloride in concrete mixes because we are working with reinforced concrete construction and obviously am concerned about corrosion of the steel I know sometimes residential contractors will order a driveway mix that often has 1/2 or so calcium chloride
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The three forms of dium chloride are 1 Flake or Type I comes in 100 pound bags with a 77 to 80 calcium chloride content and water of crystallization 2 Pellet or Type 11 comes in 80 pound bags with a 94 to 97 dcium chloride content and less than 1 water of crystalli zation
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Examples of Accelerators in Concrete Calcium chloride is a common accelerator used to accelerate the time of set and the rate of strength gain It should meet the requirements of ASTM D 98 Excessive amounts of calcium chloride in concrete mix may result in rapid stiffening increase in drying shrinkage and corrosion of reinforcement
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To decrease the weight of concrete per cubic meter Types of admixture Accelerating Admixtures This admixture is added in concrete or mortar for increasing the rate of hydration of hydraulic cement and for shortening the setting time Calcium chloride CaCl2 is the most widely used as accelerating admixture
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Calcium chloride is a liquid material in its natural state that can be used as a liquid treatment or be formed into solid pellets to free pavements of ice and snow Named one of the most effective deicers to use it can be used in temperatures as low as 13°F and maintains a melting power down to 25°F
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Calcium chloride is an effective deicer working at temperatures below most competing products and is significantly more effective than sodium chloride because of its ability to extract moisture from its surroundings and to cause exothermic or heat generating reactions Also when mixed with traditional rock salt Calcium Chloride greatly
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If the proportion of Calcium Chloride increases to 3 then flash set of concrete is found due To that the proportion of drying shrinkage and Creep increases in concrete Calcium Chloride causes stress corrosion in Pre stress concrete Sulphate resistance of the concrete decreases Due to Calcium Chloride Accelerator
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Paula adding calcium chloride to ready mix concrete can cause all sorts of issues It s an additive that s used to speed up the hydration chemical reaction in the concrete so the concrete transform from a plastic material to a solid faster in colder weather Without the calcium chloride the concrete can stay very wet and plastic for hours and
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Pinghung Chen Getty Images Concrete should be of one color if you are using the correct batch and materials from the Ready Mix However concrete discoloration could occur if there are sudden changes to the cement material if the finishing operations are rushed or if calcium chloride is added
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Calcium chloride is also often used as a concrete accelerator according to the American Society of Concrete Contractors The substance makes for an inexpensive and efficient way to speed up the rate at which concrete dries However there are certain restrictions in place that dictate the amount of calcium chloride permitted in concrete
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Secondly the usage of calcium chloride in an attempt to speed up the setting process of the concrete can lead to discoloration Calcium chloride can significantly increase the chances of your cement project turning dark Lastly there s the issue of poor
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Can I use calcium chloride on new concrete findanyanswerAcceptable Use of Calcium Chloride in ConcreteascconlineCalcium Chloride Not the Most Damaging Deicer Concrete concreteconstructionThe Role of Calcium Chloride in Concrete Cross ccsconcretedrivewaysRecommended to you based on what s popular Feedback Get PricePouring Concrete in Cold Weather Tips Guide
Calcium chloride however can cause corrosion to any steel used in the concrete The non chloride type however is not corrosive and can be used in much larger quantities 7 If reinforcing steel won t be needed the most effective mix adjustment is the addition of either calcium chloride or an accelerating admixture containing
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The samples were analyzed by x ray diffraction spectroscopy and were studied under microscope The damage of concrete is attributed to be a combined effect of chemical mechanical and physical processes Calcium chloride is found to be very detrimental to
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As calcium chloride is used as accelerator in the concrete it increases the hardening rate of the concrete ASTM C 494 requires an increase of at least 125 per cent over the control concrete at 3 days but at 6 months or one year the requirement is only 90 per cent of the control specimen
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Sodium Chloride 20 22o F Various Blends usually 20 22o F Many are concerned with deicers effects on concrete Among the materials under review only ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate will chemically attack concrete The others do not chemically attack concrete but can affect the freezing point of water
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Calcium chloride is harmful to concrete primarily reinforced concrete It is also responsible for the steel reinforcement corrosion leading to concrete spalling Nowadays many concrete structures are either R C C or Prestressed or Post tensioned concrete whereas steel is used to carry tensile stress
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The powder particles of stone are much more regular uniformed in shape and it has higher density compared to model plaster Dental Stone with High Strength and Low Expansion Type IV After accomplishment of dehydration another chemical such as 30 calcium chloride or magnesium chloride is added whilst boiling of gypsum product
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High strength concrete sleepers damaged by calcium chloride have been studied here Chloride content is estimated at different depths qualitatively by the classical wet method and quantitatively by ion selective electrodes The samples were analyzed by x ray diffraction spectroscopy and were studied under microscope
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and Economy in the Use of Calcium Chloride in the Maintenance of Unpaved Roads Tuves of Co untu Roads We do not offer a calcium chloride treated road as a substitute for a high type bituminous or concrete pavem nt High type pavement his its place in the county system as well as the state pnmary system
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